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Methodology: In the candidate attack chart, comments are counted as attacks when they disparage a candidate’s personal qualities, qualifications or record. General comments, like insulting the overall field, are not counted. A comment must either reference a candidate by name or be otherwise clearly aimed at one. Disagreements over policy are not counted. Lengthy attacks are counted only once. In the audience reaction visualization, periods of sustained applause or vocal responses are tracked. Shorter reactions, such as brief applause during a candidate’s introduction, are not included.
Additional development by John-Michael Murphy. Reaction emojis by Jennifer Daniel.
